金澤町家に対する支援制度

 2020.10.16 豊島

金沢市の金澤町家に対する支援制度を文献調査および担当課へのヒアリング調査により整理を行った。支援制度の種類は大きく分けて、改修補助制度、流通支援制度、情報拠点の３つがある。特に金沢市で独自に行われている支援制度について、概要と実績を整理して表に示す。

今回は、特に金沢市の金澤町家に対する改修補助の制度について、以下にまとめる。

全国でも行われている改修補助の制度としては、有形文化財修理復旧事業と伝統的建造物群保存地区保存整備事業の２つがあげられる。これらの制度の補助率や限度額は自治体によって異なるが、金沢市は比較的高い水準にある。高い水準の理由は、これらの事業が行われる以前から、後述する金沢市独自の補助事業が実施されており、その水準に合わせたという経緯がある。

金沢市独自の改修補助の制度として、①自主条例にもとづく指定保存建造物に対する補助事業である保存対象物保全事業、②にし茶屋街地区を対象とした茶屋街まちなみ修景事業、③こまちなみ保存修景事業、④金澤町家再生活用事業の４つがある。

①保存対象物保全事業は、市の自主条例によって景観上重要な建造物の外観保存を図る制度であり、1983年に発足している。補助率や限度額は高い水準にあるが、外観保存を目的としているため、内部の水回り等の改修は対象外である。②茶屋街まちなみ修景事業は1993年に発足した事業で、①と同様に内部の水回り等の改修は対象外である。③こまちなみ保存修景事業は、外観修復の補助が中心で、当初は水回り等について補助対象ではなかったが、近年は補助対象になるよう変更され、活用者の生活の利便性にも配慮した事業である。④金澤町家再生活用事業は、①から③の文化財行政の枠組みで行われている事業と異なり、広く残存する金澤町家について継承・活用するための施策として、2010年より開始されたもので、外部だけでなく内部や内装についても補助を行うため、より活用を意識した補助事業となっている。いずれの事業も比較的高い補助限度額を設定しているといえる。

2020.10.16

豊島祐樹

Overview of Urban Planning and Water-Related Disaster Management

Published in Urban Planning and Water-related Disaster Management in 2019

https://publons.com/publon/16554561/

By SHEN

In Search of the Power of Javanese Culture against the Cultural Urbanization in Kotagede, Yogyakarta-Indonesia

In Search of the Power of Javanese Culture against the Cultural Urbanization in Kotagede, Yogyakarta-Indonesia

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 68 ( 2012 ) 676 – 686

Bambang Supriyadi, Budi Sudarwanto, Hermin Werdiningsih

Resumed by Pindo Tutuko

Introduction

Urbanization is an issue faced by cities in developing countries such as Indonesia.

People living now in urban area in most of isolated territory and tend to separated each other from a socio-cultural standpoint which is not found in Kotagede, Yogyakarta. Public-private terminology is not easy defined, or expressed with definite boundaries. The spaces do not require rigid territorial boundaries. Space in a public realm is for all people, and no one can claim his own territory. Sharing space is based on social agreement. This paper described the effort to learn from the past through the study of Javanese culture in Kotagede, Yogyakarta in the face of cultural pressures that urbanization can change the environment and the lives of its citizens. 

The aim of research

To explore and to formulate key aspects of the cultural life of the community that still exist that explain the basis of man's relationship with man, man and his environment as a cultural force in the face of urbanization with the case of Kotagede Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Research method

Using architectural anthropology point of view through the interpretation of space and form to reveal how people use and view architecture.

The People, Space and Environment of Kotagede

• Kotagede is located about five kilometers in the south of the city center.
• The area of Kotagede is around 3 sq.km. 
• It consists of three Sub districts that are Rejowinangun, Prenggan and Purbayan. 
• The number of population of each sub district is averagely 10 thousand. 
• In this study, a part of the area in the Sub district Prenggan is a locus of research.

The people

• Residents of Kotagede are mostly burnt silver craftsmen in which the crafts have been a trademark of Kotagede.
• Almost the entire population of Kotagede work in the informal sector.
• Work as a traditional craftsmen generations also affect the lifestyle of the people.
• The community is always very strongly based on the Javanese culture.

The space

• In view of such a Javanese cultural context is not clearly visible because of the meaning of such private-public space, sacred-profane is usually together in the same space.
• Open spaces are then as share space which are not possessed by anyone.
• Basically in a general sense as private properties intersected with the general circulation path, so that the front of the house which is normally pendapa which means open hall is separated from the main building by the public lane.

Pringgitan is as the central point of the division of space, a space of transition, the transition from outside to inside, from the universe to human space, which clarifies the duality of meaning and direction. Longkangan or open space between the pendapa and the pringgitan is used as a public circulation path.

The environment

• Increasing demand for housing encourages residential neighborhood in Kotagede as a kampong that is characterized by a high density of buildings. 
• The comparison of buildings and open space of more than 70%, thus it is reasonable if open spaces are used in high-intensity, multi function, and even tends to be shared among the occupants of the neighborhood, even any other people.
• Wide roads which can be passed for four-wheel vehicles are very limited.
• The built environment in Kotagede still very strongly reflects Javanese atmosphere that places togetherness, tolerance and harmony in which very dominant in the people behave in their environment. 

Javanese Culture

•Javanese culture mostly grows and it is sourced from the palace, thus Yogyakarta and Solo as two major centers of Javanese palace are as the central points of Javanese culture.

Discussion

Public-private

•

• Basically private spaces are personal still owned by the occupants of Kotagede, but this private space is limited to the deepest part of the house.  
• The middle and the front can be said as the territory of semiprivate or semi-public with the possibilities to be function able to the public or guests. 
• Meanwhile, the leading edge of the terrace which is generally in the form of general circulation paths very public, even without any obstacles anyone can use this terrace.  
• This fact is increasingly clear that a public interest takes precedence over private interests. 

Open space

Open spaces are in the form of narrow alleys.

Building

• Traditional Javanese house for most people typically do not have a pendapa or open hall at the front of the house.
• Terrace that called pringgitan is almost always found, as an open space at the front and it is used for a variety of activities that is more multifunctional and highly flexible use.

Conclusion

• The significant changes that point to a lack of effect of modernization on the existence of physical space and environment are hardly found.
• The Kotagede neighborhood is still able to maintain an atmosphere of peace and tranquility as well as human social equality strength.
• The more the merging of public domain and private territory the more togetherness will be obtained.
• This fact in turn will ensure minimizing the conflicts in the social relationship.

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Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042812057412

Spatial Arrangement in Chinese and Javanese Shop House in Yogyakarta City

Spatial Arrangement in Chinese and Javanese Shop House in Yogyakarta City

ASEAN Conference on Environment-Behaviour Studies, Savoy Homann BidakaraBandung Hotel, Bandung, Indonesia, 15-17 June 2011

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 36 ( 2012 ) 557 – 564

Author: Lya Dewi Anggraini

Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503 Japan

Resumed by Pindo Tutuko

Introduction

•The increased number of family shop house significantly after the political and economic crisis in 1998. This paper aims at revealing the knowledge of how people appropriate spaces in shop houses in order to provide deeper knowledge. By comparing the spatial arrangement in shop houses built by Chinese and Javanese, the distinct characteristics would be revealed through the differences and similarities in the way they appropriate spaces.
Focusing on the behavioral aspect in composing and using interior spaces, this study believes that there is quite distinct characteristic between Chinese and Javanese for the purpose of living and working in one building.

Development of Shop House and Cultural Influence

Chinese introduced shop house building at the first place that were brought from their original land and has become worldwide type. Javanese has developed its own type of shop house roughly in the last three decades as a respond to the local condition.
(Chinese) The earliest model of shop house was a transformation of a farming house and the other model was the whole front area on the first floor was utilized as a shop and the dwelling space at the back and second/other floor area.
(Javanese) The common characteristics were a single detached house with a separated structure from the main house for the shop. It as most likely as a transformation from a traditional farming house.

This paper is comparing the way Chinese and Javanese appropriate their spaces through their activities.

Characteristics of Chinese and Javanese Shop House in Yogyakarta

Observation area was Ketandan in the center of Yogyakarta city near Beringharjo Market, the oldest and traditional market, where the Chinese built shop houses. Second observation area was Seturan in the new urban center northern part of the city where Javanese built shop houses.

Characteristics of Chinese Shop House

2 types: row houses with arcades and without arcades. In Ketandan are those without arcades but sharing roof structure and were constructed as couple or triple houses without any space between houses. They were generally the first generation originally coming from different Southern parts of China. 

Characteristics of Javanese Shop House

Generally, they were built as detached houses, not in a row, couple was some spaces between houses especially that the new areas were less crowded resulted from the various built year.

Family living in the houses were mostly new family or immigrant from other areas.  Some of the houses were built and rented to another family.

Methodology

Six houses were chosen in each location considering the accessible data, limited time and to emphasize on the qualitative instead of quantitative analysis.  Purposive sampling method was used at certain criteria as follow; (1) built either by Chinese or Javanese, (2) built on their own wisdom without any professional involvement, and (3) regardless the age of building or building shape which is accessible for survey. Interviewing, photographing, sketching to obtain the house plan (fixed feature) and behavior tracing method to obtain activity/room function (semi-fixed feature). 

Each house plan was transferred into diagram of circles representing each functional room and lines representing connectivity that are drawn from the outside point (threshold) to each room. 

There are two kinds of line; continuous line indicates direct accessibility and dash line indicates close/indirect connectivity. 

This diagram also showed the circulation flow through the functional room and its level of depth.

Results and Discussions

Result of analysis showed that the number of room with single connectivity is higher in Chinese (30%) than in Javanese (26%) The number of room with direct connectivity is far higher in Chinese (75%) than in Javanese (58%).  The number of room with indirect connectivity is much higher in Javanese (42%) than in Chinese (25%).  The connection of each room has the tendency to be linear for Chinese rather than Javanese that has the tendency to cluster. 

Single and direct connectivity means that one room has one sole access to an adjacent room, whereas indirect connectivity is that one can access a room from any surrounding room within behavioral distance without much barrier/boundary problem.

Room with higher connectivity in Javanese shop house served as living/dining room which had social meaning, whereas corridor had no particular function other than circulation/transition space.  Chinese shop house seemed to have more rooms with high connectivity and thus inward orientation, it was more likely to be transitional rather than functional room.

Javanese shop house had outward orientation but also higher functional room inside the houses. Chinese shop house as a composition of multiple unit rather than a compound or one single unit. This is emphasized by the corridor as transitional room with high connectivity. 

Javanese shop house was more likely to be compound or single unit which was less repetitive room unit.

Conclusion

Javanese shop house was more open, having higher degree of connectivity, and

tending to be clustered whereas Chinese shop house tended to be linear and closed in its spatial arrangement. 

Javanese shop house had outward orientation indicated by the higher number of rooms with access to the outside whereas Chinese shop house tended to be inwardly orientated.

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Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042812005289

Using the home for income-generation; The case of Kumasi, Ghana

Using the home for income-generationThe case of Kumasi, Ghana 

^{Cities, Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 417–427, 1998}

Author: Irit Sinai 

Resumed by Pindo Tutuko

Overview

In many cities in developing countries is using homes not only for shelter, but also for income-generation through informal-sector activities.This paper examine the characteristics of households.

Descriptive analyses of socioeconomic characteristics, migration history, housing and location indicators, and tenure are presented.Households that use their home for income-generation occupy more rooms, but their housing quality is not as good as the housing quality of other households. 

Kumasi

Kumasi is situated within a dense rain forest, about 260km from the capital, Accra, and the Atlantic coast. About half of Kumasi’s residents live in traditional compound houses. Typically, a compound house is a one-story structure consisting of a series of single rooms surrounding a square courtyard. Some rooms have an additional entrance via a veranda that is opened directly to the street. These cooking and bathing facilities are shared by all households residing in the compound. Many compound houses have no latrines. 

The Data

• Data collection involved detailed interviews of 596 heads of house- holds. 
• The questionnaire asked about housing quality indicators, location characteristics, the use of housing for income-generation, and other economic and demographic characteristics of household heads. 

Housing Uses in Kumasi

Every compound house in Kumasi is used for income-generation by one or more resident household.
Different parts of the home can be used for income- generation activities. First, the house itself – for most households this means the bedroom, since the majority of households in Kumasi occupy just one room. Second, the yard, which is shared with all households residing in the compound. Third, the veranda, which some households have exclusive use of, and others share with one or more other households. finally, the street adjacent to the house, which is part of the plot the house is built on.

Background characteristics 

• In Kumasi access to formal jobs does not necessarily discourage households from undertaking informal-sector activities. 

Formal-sector jobs are more prestigious, but they often do not pay enough to sustain households.

 Migration History

These findings indicate that in Kumasi informal- sector jobs are not a transition stage on the way to finding formal-sector positions. Recent migrants are more educated than migrants who have been in the city longer, and better education means easier access to formal-sector occupations.

Income

Some households use their home for income as a way to increase total household income.
Other households undertake informal- sector economic activities in the house because they cannot or do not want to find other work.
This result suggests that income levels are the same for formal and informal jobs in Kumasi.

Housing characteristics and tenure

Most respondents (90.7%) occupied rooms in compound houses, sharing cooking, bathing, and toilet facilities with other households residing in the com-pound. The dominant form of residence arrangement in Kumasi is renting.

Location characteristics 

• Kumasi is a large city. 
• Densely built, small tracts of undeveloped land within the city boundaries are still used for subsistence or market agriculture. 
• Most villages have a core area of traditional compound houses (in the larger villages there are also multi-story compounds). 
• Urban sprawl is all around them in the form of villa type houses. 
• The core area of Kumasi is surrounded by a circular road. 

When households use their home for income-generation, it is not always the occupation of the house-hold earners who earns the most money.But it is still not surprising that these households live closer to the work place of that household member than other households. The location of households in both groups are equally accessible to markets and public transportation.

Multivariate analysis

• Households that do not use their homes for income-generation enjoy a better quality of housing than households that do. 
• Migrants do not use informal-sector jobs as a stepping stone to formal-sector ones.

Conclusion

• Households undertake such activities in the city core and the periphery, regardless of income, tenure arrangement and accessibility to markets and public transportation. 
• Larger households, female-headed households, and those with older or less educated heads, use the home for income-generation more. 
• In single-household houses or apartments use their home for income-generation less than compound dweller. 
• Households that use their home for income-generation occupy more rooms, but their housing quality is not as good as the housing quality of other households. 

Source: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0264-2751(98)00037-7

Cultural Landscape, Urban Settlement and Dweller’s

Cultural Landscape, Urban Settlement and Dweller’s Perception: A Case Study of a Vernacular Village in Northern Thailand 

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 42 ( 2012 ) 153 – 158

Junjira Nunta and Nopadon Sahachaisaeree

Resumed by Pindo Tutuko

Investigation about factors affecting the formational pattern of cultural landscape and the formation of urban settlement. Indication that urbanization affected the formation of urban settlement and the changes in dwellers’ perceptions. Perception of the local dwellers should be the prime factor to be considered in the planning and management of urban settings.

Introduction

The spatial pattern of human settlement was determined and readjusted not only by the daily human needs, but also by their social norms and cultural settings. 

The research is yearning for the utilization of resultant to identify the process by which the pattern of vernacular settlement explaining the significant of social identity and livelihood in the past could be beneficial to explain the current social dynamic in the modern urban community. 

Methodology

There are 2 objectives in this study that includes: to study the dynamic of vernacular house influencing on the transformation process of urban settlement and cultural landscape; and finally, to explain the perceived process and response of local people towards meaning and changes of cultural landscape. 

An integration of quantitative and qualitative approaches was applied to reveal the behavior of relevant users in the built environment. Empirical data were complied by means of questionnaire survey and in depth interview with sample subjects responding to cultural landscape. 

Literature Review

The urban form and landscape of a settlement 

The interaction of physical structures and their built environment should not be treated separately from human behavior. The built environment is a function of architecture, an integral part of the design problem to be solved, even though the planning and urban design processes are intangible activities. 

The conceptualization of cultural landscape 

Cultural landscape as the trace and evidence of the changing of land, topography and environment made by men from activities in their community lifestyle or ethnography that appear both in concrete and abstract characteristics.

The taxonomy of cultural landscape

First, the landscape that is intentionally designed and created by men such as garden, park, etc. Second, the landscape that has evolved as a result from changes in society, economy, administration, religion, and belief. Finally, the landscape is involved in religion, art and culture or natural elements.

Results and Discussions

• The research result found that the ways of life and local culture are still maintained. 
• Characteristics of the building space and formal pattern had been transformed in accordance with the modern life style, but some traditional style still remains without any improvement. 
• Different types of architecture are found in the study areas. The original buildings are entirely made from wood. 

Building pattern is usually a one-story house with high basement which area was used for storing agricultural equipments or for leisure activities.

The basement is so transformed and rebuilt by new material and subdivision to accommodate activities such as storing unused material and garage.

Results from the housing survey found four types of building pattern in accordance with building material and housing structure; 

1) Typical one-story houses; 

2) Transformed houses which interior space was adjusted and adapted basement as functional area.

3) Contemporary houses; 

4) Modern houses which used new material such as concrete and tiles. There are one storey and two-storey. 

Units of houses were divided to two types; a) more than 30 years and b) less than 30 years. 

Recent road construction further brought about linear extension and a typical physical development. 

Houses were built along the road ruined the typical pattern of settlement. Spatial settings and urban pattern were gradually changed. 

The results from questionnaires found that both cultural landscape and physical area had affected on the perception and response of dwellers towards cultural landscape changes.

Coinclusion

• Urbanization had affected formation of urban fabrics as well as changed the dweller’s perception. 
• Recent road construction further brought about linear extension and a typical physical development. 
• Houses that were built along the road ruined the typical pattern of settlement. Cultural identities were proved to determine the origin of cultural landscape. 
• Perception of the local dwellers was found affected the response process in both changes in cultural landscape and physical appearance of the settlement. 
• Perception of dwellers concerning cultural landscape should be the prime factor to consider in the planning and management of urban settlement in any particular area where physical landscape is bound to be transformed. 
• Moreover, the community management should include the education of local people about culture conservation to achieve consciousness and awareness as based on surveys and opinion in the summary. 

Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042812010580

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.04.176

特別区の密集住宅市街地における基盤整備への取り組み方に関する調査研究
～品川区・中野区・新宿区・豊島区を対象に～

A Study on Policy and Practice of Infrastructure Provision for Densely Built-up Area Improvement
～Case Study of Shinagawa Ward , Nakano Ward, Shinzyuku Ward and Toshima Ward～

都市住宅学39号 2002 AUTUMN

下田周公・高見沢実

本分PDF　 https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/uhs1993/2002/39/2002_85/_pdf

はじめに

  東京都は阪神・淡路大震災の教訓を踏まえ、「防災都市づくり推進計画」を策定している。しかし現況としては、「地域内では宅地面積や道路幅が狭く、複雑な権利関係や建物所有者の高齢化に伴って住宅更新が停滞し、更新と併せた公共施設整備も進んでいない」と言われている。

 そこで本研究では、東京都における整備主体である特別区の密集住宅市街地整備促進事業への取り組み方に着目し、密集市街地整備の具体的な現況を事業実績より把握し、今後の密集市街地整備の方向性を整理することを目的とする。なお、密集市街地整備を考えた場合、まず重要な課題として挙げられるのが狭隘道路の拡幅整備であることから、この点を中心に本研究を行った。

研究方法、研究対象

 調査対象地区の選定は、既往研究において調査が行われた東京都23区の中から、住環境政策の一環として密集市街地整備を取り組み、かつ密集市街地における基盤整備の取り組み方に特徴のある品川区、中野区、新宿区、豊島区の4区を選定した。

  本研究の方法は、実態調査と各区に対するヒアリング調査及び各区の密集住宅市街地整備促進事業関連資料の調査等による。各区の密集市街地整備の現況を基盤整備について整理し、密集市街地の基盤整備の今後の方向性についてまとめを行った。

品川区

 基盤整備の方針…細街路整備と壁面後退を誘導しながらの基盤整備、生活道路、区画道路の拡幅整備

 基盤整備の実績…民間活力を利用した共同建替えに伴う前面道路の拡幅整備

 実績をあげられていない基盤整備の状況…大規模共同住宅等の建替えに伴った基盤整備以外は、顕著な進捗状況が見られない。

  見直しと今後の整備方針…各地区に防災再開発促進地区が指定され、重点整備地区として密集市街地整備を特化する方針である。共同建替えを推進し、それに伴う前面道路の拡幅整備を進める方針であるが、住民の共同化合意が得られず基盤整備が進捗していないのが現状である。

中野区

 基盤整備の方針…地区計画の策定、木造賃貸住宅地区整備促進事業、既存道路の拡幅整備、行き止まり路の解消のための新設道路の建設整備

 基盤整備の実績…前面道路の拡幅整備、避難経路の確保

 実績をあげられていない基盤整備の状況…建替えにあわせて基盤整備が着実に進められているが、顕著な進捗状況が見られない。

  見直しと今後の整備方針…各地区に防災再開発促進地区が指定され、重点整備地区として密集市街地整備を特化する方針である。

新宿区

 基盤整備の方針…市街地再開発事業、地区計画の策定、前面道路の拡幅整備、細街路整備と壁面後退を誘導しながら基盤整備

 基盤整備の実績…大規模共同住宅等の建替えに伴う前面道路の拡幅整備、基盤整備に活用するためのまちづくり用地の取得

 実績をあげられていない基盤整備の状況…個別建替えに伴う前面道路の拡幅整備には顕著な進捗状況が見られない。

 見直しと今後の整備方針…各地区に防災再開発促進地区が指定され、重点整備地区として密集市街地整備を特化する方針である。

豊島区

 基盤整備の方針…細街路整備と壁面後退を誘導しながらの基盤整備、住民参加を基調とした修復型のまちづくりによる基盤整備

 基盤整備の実績…新設道路整備完了、主要道路間の通行可能、基盤整備に活用するためにまちづくり用地も積極的に取得

 実績をあげられていない基盤整備の状況…沿道の個別建替えに併せて用地買収が行われ基盤整備は進められているのだが、地区全体として整備効果が目に見えない。

  見直しと今後の整備方針… 防災再開発促進地区が指定され、密集市街地整備を特化する方針である。

まとめ

 各区とも一定の成果を挙げているものの、基盤整備が計画通りに進んでいないことから整備効果が目に見えない面もあった。

 

 今後の密集市街地における基盤整備に対して四点の方向性

1.地区計画の策定

2.低未利用地やまちづくり用地の取得活用 

3.自力更新が困難なまちに対する共同建替えを利用した前面道路の拡幅整備計画

4.行政評価による密集市街地整備の見直し