Evaluation of Energy Supply and Demand in Solar Neighborhood

Evaluation of Energy Supply and Demand in Solar Neighborhood

Caroline Hachem, Andreas Athienitis, Paul Fazio
Accepted 17 February 2012

I. Introduction

—Presents a study of solar electricity generation and energy demand for heating and cooling of housing units’ assemblages (two-storey single family housing units with climatic data of Montreal, Canada served as input for the analysis).

   住宅'群集の加熱および冷却のための太陽光発電とエネルギー需要の調査

—Parameters studied:

• 　 Geometric shapes of individual units [個々のユニットの幾何学的形状]
•   　Density of units in a neighborhood [近所のユニットの密度]
•  　 The site layout [サイトのレイアウト]

—Main objective: the evaluation of alternative patterns of neighborhood to achieve potential net zero energy communities.

   近所の別のパターンの評価は潜在的な正味ゼロエネルギー社会を実現しています。

—Result: a significant increase in total electricity generation (up to 33%) can be achieved by the building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems of housing units of certain shape-site configurations, as compared to the reference.

  総発電量（最大33％）の有意な上昇が一定の形状サイト構成の住宅の建物の統合太陽光発電（BIPV）システムによって達成することができる、などの基準と比較されます。

II. Methodology and research approach

—The research is divided in three main parts:

  研究は主に3 つ の 部分に分かれています

  (1): analysis of electricity generation potential by neighborhoods

   地域による発電ポテンシャルの分析

  (2): analysis of energy performance in terms of heating and cooling consumed by units and neighborhoods

   発熱の面でエネルギー性能の分析とは、ユニットや近隣で消費される冷却

  (3): comparison of energy production and energy consumption of individual units and of whole neighborhoods

   エネルギー生産と個々のユニットのエネルギー消費の全体近所の比較

1. Characteristic of housing units

—The two-storied with constant floor area of 60 m2 (one of the most common types of single family homes in Canada)

   2階建て、 60 m2  （カナダの一軒家の最も一般的な形式の1つ）

—Two basic shapes: rectangle and L shape and its variations

  二つの基本的な図形：四角形やL字型  

—Energy loads: [エネルギー負荷]

  ◦ Lighting [照明]

  ◦ Domestic hot water [家庭用温水]

  ◦ Major appliances (refrigeration equipment, dishwasher, washing machine, clothes dryer and cooking appliances) [主要な家電]

  ◦ Minor appliances (a wide range used in kitchen, and entertainment purposes) [マイナー家電]

—Roof design: [屋根の設計]

  Hip roof with tilt and side angles of 450 [450のチルトとサイド角度で寄棟屋根]

  A photovoltaic system is assumed to cover the total area of all south and near-south facing roof surfaces [太陽光発電システムがすべて南と近南向きの屋根面の総面積をカバーするために仮定される]

2. Site layout

3. Density

4. Simulation modeling

—Energy Plus building simulation sotware: employed in the simulations

—SketchUp/OpenStudio: employed to generate geometric data for Energy Plus

—The Conduction Finite Difference algorithm: selected as the heat balance algorithm

—A time step of 10 min

Main characteristics of the models employed by EnergyPlus:

a.Weather data

b.EnergyPlus solar radiation computations

c.Slab on grade modeling

d.BIPV modeling

III. Presentation and analysis of results

1. Electricity generation potential

The main effects are summarized:

                                   Shape

                                   Density

                                   Spacing

                                   Row study

                                   Site layout

                                   Shift of peak electricity generation

        2. Energy consumption for heating and cooling

        The main effects are summarized:

                                   Effect of Shape on energy demand

                                   Density

                                               ◦ Comparisions between units in isolation and in assemblage

                                               ◦ Effect of spacing

                                   Row effect

                                   Site effect

                    3. Evaluation of energy balance

IV. Conclusion

1. Energy generation

BIPV electricity production of roofs: affected primarily by the area of near-south facing roof surfaces, shade and orientation. Active roof area and the total electricity generation on a neighborhood scale are largely affected by the shape of housing units.

アクティブな屋根の面積や町内規模での総発電量は、主に住宅の形状の影響を受けています。

The density effect:

  ◦ Attached units on multiplex configurations has the effect of increasing total active roof   surface in some configurations. On the other hand, it may produce some mutual shading   by some configurations of L.[多重構成で接続されているユニットは、一部の構成では増加合計アクティブ屋根  面の効果があります。その一方で、それ はLの一部の構成でいくつかの相互遮蔽が生成されることがあり  ]

  ◦ The row effect does not have significant effect on electricity generation for a row   distance larger than 5m. [行の効果は、5メートルよりも大きな行距離の発電量に大きな影響を与えません。]

The site layout effect: mainly due to its interaction with the housing shape design. A favorable combination of shapes and layout can result in significant increase of energy production.

形状やレイアウトの有利な組み合わせは、エネルギー生産の大幅な増加をもたらすことができます。

Shift of peak production: can be beneficial for matching grid requirements.  A difference as large as 6h of peak generation of different units can be achieved in a specific site layout.

グリッドの要件に合致するために有益

2. Energy consumption for heating and cooling

Shape effect:

  ◦ Deviation of shape from the rectangle generally involves increase in heating load.

  ◦ The increasing of heating load of non-rectangular shapes is associated with decrease   of   the solar gain in winter.[非矩形形状の暖房負荷の増加は、冬の太陽の利得の減少に関連付けられています。]

  ◦ Cooling load is effected by increase of solar radiation on the rotated wings and by the   large envelope area. [冷房負荷は、回転翼の上に太陽放射の増加により、大封筒エリアによって行われる。]

The density effect: Attaching units in multiplexes reduces heating loads by up to 30% and cooling load by up to 50% compared to the detached configurations of the same site. [多重にユニットを接続すると、同じサイトの一戸建ての構成に比べて最大50％を30％、冷房負荷を最大で加熱負荷を低減します。]

The row effect: the heating load is inversely related to the distance between rows, while the cooling load of both exposed and obstructed rows is significantly lower than for the single row configuration. [露出し、閉塞された行の両方の冷房負荷が単一の行の構成に比べて有意に低いながら加熱負荷は、反比例の行の間の距離に関係しています。]

The site layout effect: Units in curved layouts have generally larger heating and cooling loads than in a straight road configuration. [湾曲したレイアウトでの単位は、一般に大規模な加熱と直線道路の構成に比べて冷房負荷を持っている。]

3. Balance between electricity generation and electricity use

The general comparison between energy consumption and the energy production, show that several unit shapes included in this study are very close to achieve net zero energy status. Manipulation of roof design can help in improving production/consumption ratio.

この研究に含まれるいくつかのユニットの形状は非常にネットゼロエネルギー状態を達成するために接近している。屋根のデザインの操作は、生産/消費比率の改善に役立ちます。

Some of the studied neighborhood configuration near net zero energy communities.

正味ゼロエネルギー社会の近くに勉強し、近所のコンフィギュレーションの一部。

4. Conclusion remarks

The investigation presented in this paper takes into account energy efficiency consideration from the earliest stages of the design process.

本書で提示調査は、設計プロセスの初期段階からアカウントのエネルギー効率を考慮する。

The methodology is applicable to any climate, with some modifications to the basic design assumptions required to address specific climate conditions.

方法論は、特定の気候条件に対処するために必要な基本設計の前提にいくつかの修正を加えて、どんな気候にも適用可能である。

Gender implications of space use in home-based work:

Gender Implications of Space Use in Home-Based Work: Evidences from Slums in Bangladesh 

ホームベースの仕事の領域の使用のジェンダーへの影響：バングラデシュのスラム街からの証拠
Habitat International 26 (2002) 33–50

Shayer Ghafur
Reviewed by Pindo Tutuko at Study Seminar, 2012, July 12, Urban Planning Laboratory,Kanazawa University

Abstract


This paper examines the use of space in home-based work in slums in Bangladesh to understand urban poor women’s involvement in relation to men.本論文では、バングラデシュのスラム街でホームベースの仕事の領域の使用を検討し
This male–female involvement takes place not only to mutually share the activities of home-based work for operational conveniences but also to supplement a given household’s effort to pool income for its survival on a daily basis.この男女の関与は、相互運用便利なホームベースの仕事の活動を共有するだけでなく、場所を取る
Besides cooperation, this involvement also indicates a conflict, manifested by women’s absence in the public realm and intra-household.女性の不在によって明らかに競合を示し、

Consist


A brief background that is followed by a detailed description of the space use in home-based work to show that women do not always work alone as a result of their spatial confinement.ホームベースの仕事の領域の使用説明
It explains male–female involvement the specific outcome of women’s spatial confinement.男女の関与を説明します
In the conclusion, the implications of these findings are discussed to direct future urban local interventions for the welfare of women and their households.結論として、これらの知見の含意は未来の都市を指示するために議論される

Methodology

Evidences presented in this paper are taken from an earlier study on home-based work carried out in two types of intervened and non-intervened slums, by ‘Slum Improvement Project (SIP)’, in three intermediate-sized cities in Bangladesh.本論文で提示した証拠は、バングラデシュの3つの中間サイズの都市で、"スラム改善事業（SIP）'で、介入と非介入スラムの2つのタイプで行われ在宅ワークに関する以前の研究から取られ

Steps

(1) Develop categories and types

(2) Saturate types and Categories

(3) Definitions

(4) Use the definitions

(5) Exploit types or categories fully

(6) Note, develop and follow up links between types or categories

(7) Make relevant connections to existing theory.

（1）カテゴリとタイプを開発

（2）のタイプとカテゴリを飽和させる

（3）の定義

（4）の定義を使用します。

（5）完全にタイプまたはカテゴリを活用

（6）、注意して開発し、タイプまたはカテゴリ間のリンクをフォローアップ

（7）既存の理論に関連する接続を行います。

Background

Urban poor women have identified home-based work and access to credit for their achievement of sustainable livelihood.

Beneficiary urban poor women’s access to the benefits of SIP occurs in a patriarchal–patrilineal–patrilocal’ social context in Bangladesh. (the male head of a family, tribe-a system in which one belongs to one's father's lineage -a married couple lives with or near the family of the husband)

Space use in home-based work

• 46% households sell and/or supply their products to households within their own neighbourhoods. Only 18% of all households buy raw materials from their own neighbourhoods.
• 30.8% households sell and/or supply their products to city establishments (e.g., shops, agencies, and factories). Raw materials are purchased and supplied from these city establishments in70.1% of all households.

To examine the use of space

•

1. What are the discrete spaces in these settings?
2. What are the rules for engagement in these settings?
3. Who are the key actors?

• これらの設定の離散スペース？

•  これらの設定への関与のルール？
•  キー俳優？

Dwelling

1. Dwelling proper: an individual part of the living space, usually a corner of indoor floor-space.
2. Separate room: a separate working/commercial space converted by partitions from the main living space (however, this exclusive working/commercial space can also provide accommodation for a few persons).
3. Semi-open veranda: the semi-open veranda at the front of a given dwelling used permanently/temporarily to carry out activities that cannot be done inside, or to take advantage of the commercial opportunities arising out of the surroundings.

住居適切な、別室、セミオープンベランダ

Courtyard/Uthan 中庭 

1. Basic type: the private domain of uthan, with its definite configuration, is exclusive to a household’s members for domestic and home-based work activities.
2. Composite type: the uthan suggests a setting for more complex organization of domestic and home-based work activities. Here the division of labour (between household and nonhousehold members) in home-based work is spatially defined. If hired labour is engaged for home-based work, then domestic activity space is shifted away from the main private uthan so that it does not coincide with that for domestic works.
3. Overlapped type: The uthan not only belongs to a number of households, but also may contain infrastructure components (e.g., tube well, lamp post, circulation paths, drains, etc.) for consumption by surrounding households. The absence of non-neighbourhood people and the activity concentration by the neighbourhood (mainly female) people make it a semi-private space.

基本型、複合型、重複型

Rules for engagement 婚約のルール

In the private realm, male access to non-relatives’ residence is not welcome, but a woman’s is; a woman can move around without strict adherence to purdah (masker) as long as she is in her neighbourhood. 

Her mobility, and access to the outside her home is not seen as socially offensive by others because she knows and is well-known to everybody in that particular (part of the) neighbourhood. 

The nature of women’s mobility prescribed by social norms has affected the types of home-based work.

プライベートレルムでは、非親族の居住の男性のアクセスが歓迎されていません。

彼女のモビリティ、および外部の自宅へのアクセスは、他の人が社会的に攻撃として認識されません。

社会規範で規定され、女性の移動性の性質は、ホームベースの仕事の種類に影響を与えた。

Key actors in home-based works ホームベースの作品で重要な役者

Micro-level variations in the delineation of Boundaries境界の線引きでミクロレベルの変動

Women’s spatial confinement in their dwellings is a common phenomenon in all three settlement types

彼らの住居の女性の空間的な閉じ込めは、すべての3つの決済タイプで一般的な現象である

Gender implications of male–female involvement 男女の関与の性別の影響

Conclusion 結論

• Spatial setting for productive activities for home-based income generation, i.e. ‘work space’ overlaps with ‘life space’, i.e. spatial setting required for daily reproductive works (e.g., sleeping, cooking, child caring and socialization) for the continuation of life on a daily basis. 
• Urban poor women’s spatial confinement and the consequent (direct/indirect) involvement of men, in home-based work, are both indications of intra-household cooperation and conflict. 
• Future inter-sectoral interventions should respond critically to this occurrence of cooperation and conflict to contribute to raising women’s status within a given household. 
• In particular, intervention should guard against using women by the male members of a given household as a conduit to have access to resources without any benefits to women.
• ホームベースの収入を生成するための生産活動のための空間設定。
• 都市貧困層の女性の空間的な閉じ込めと男性の結果（直接/間接）の関与は、ホームベースの仕事では、イントラ家庭の協力と対立の両方の適応症があります。
• 将来のセクター間の介入は、指定された家庭内で女性の地位向上に貢献する協力と対立のこのオカレンスに批判的に応答する必要があります。
• 特に、介入が女性に何のメリットなしでリソースにアクセスできるように導管として与えられた世帯の男性メンバーが女性を使用して防ぐ必要があります。

Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197397501000327

Evaluation of ecological design strategies in traditional houses in Diyarbakir, Turkey

Title: Evaluation of ecological design strategies in traditional houses in Diyarbakir, Turkey

M. Baran*, M.Yıldırım, A.Yılmaz Dicle University, Eng. & Arch. Faculty, Dept. of Arch., 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey

Available online 11 November 2010

I. Introduction

The traditional houses in Diyarbakır are among the best examples of ecological architecture: as a living organism that reduces energy consumption, uses natural resources, and provides comfortable, healthier and sustainable living spaces that are harmonized with the climate.

This study focus on the ecological design between the traditional houses in Diyarbakır  and their physical environment (topography, and climate) and structural environment (building form, spatial organization, material, landscape and planting, and technical infrastructure).

II. Ecological design criteria

Ecological design is sustainable systems, consistent with ecological principles, which integrate human society with its natural environment for the benefit of both. 

a. Physical environment criteria

- Environmental features: topography and climate (thermal condition suitability and natural conditions)

- Thermal impacts and variables affect human comfort and will influence energy demand.

     • The changes in air movement, solar radiation and humidity determine the thermal comfort of the users.

     • With the concern about greenhouse gases and global warming there is a pressure to use of non-renewable energy and the impact of fossil fuels.

b. Structural environment criteria

- In ecological design, building systems interact with the environment through their physical form, functional solutions, and spatial organization. 

- Building orientation, envelope properties, building material, landscape, and technical infrastructure all have an effect on saving energy.

III. Traditional settlement in Diyarbakır

1. Location

Diyarbakır (37 550N, 40 120E) is located on a wide plateau 

between Karacadag Mountain and the Tigris River in the Mesopotamia

part of Turkey (Fig. 1a). 

The city 

is surrounded by a wall 5 km in length and from 6 to 8 m height (Fig. 1b). 

The settlement was completely within the wall until 1950. New 

settlements later formed outside the wall, and the old texture started 

to deteriorate.

2. Climatic data

Diyarbakir city, due to its geographical location, has a continental climate regime called the sub-tropic plateau climate. 

IV. Ecological design strategies in Diyarbakır traditional houses

1. . Physical environment strategies

a. Topography

Diyarbakır is situated in an area that is very compatible with ecological textures, including water, soil, air and green spaces.

b. Climate

Generally, the 

houses were constructed around a courtyard and aligned inward. 

Indigenous courtyard houses, particularly those in towns and cities 

in the regions of the hot-dry climates, have largely satisfied the 

needs of their inhabitants from many points of view. 

Therefore, the houses are exposed to less solar radiation, and heat conducted from outdoors is minimized.

Climatic features of the region led to the differentiation of houses into several parts in the planning stage. 

- The summer season is very long and effective in the region, so when designing houses, the summer parts are considered in detail. The summer parts of the houses are located on south side of the courtyard, and the rooms face toward the north for protection from thermal solar radiation. The open windows provide natural ventilation as well as natural illumination. Further, the houses have a big floor area, high ceilings, and low mean thermal propagation by convection. Thus, overheating due to the greenhouse　effect can be avoided by opening the window　sash during the hottest

period of the day.

- The winter parts of the houses are generally built as one story and are located toward the south to protect from the cold winds from the north.

The houses are surrounded by high walls which create shade for the narrow streets and the courtyard.

2. .Structural environment strategies

a. Building form 

- The traditional Diyarbakır houses　have been affected by topography, culture,　economic level of dwellings as well as climatic conditions.

- The building forms were classified according to courtyard location as outer courtyard, inner courtyard and mid courtyard in the house plan.

- These forms 

have two courtyards and accesses that are suitable for cultural life

and have functional uses as well.

b. Spatial organization

The houses were generally structured as two story buildings on 

top of a basement and were composed of three divisions:

- Rooms

- Service spaces (kitchen, toilet, barn, bath, dovecote, pantry),

- Special spaces (cooling room, recess).

The dimensions of rooms could be bigger or smaller for summer part rooms and winter part

rooms, respectively.All materials inside the rooms are useable materials and made of natural sources such as wool, cotton, and flax.

- Service spaces are located at the ground level for easy access, facility, storage and healthier indoor environment purposes.

- Kitchens are near winter rooms to contribute to its thermal performance and are fitted with equipment made of reusable materials like copper,wooden and earth.

- Toilets are found in the courtyard close to the street to avoid unwanted odors in the indoor environments and because the sewage system is then easily connected to the main disposal system.

- Barns and 

dovecotes are economical indicators because they supply the 

fertilizer required for the courtyard gardens.

- Pantries, called “killer”, are cooling spaces used for keeping food fresh daily and for keeping winter food fresh for longer times.

- The cooling rooms, also called “serdap”, are located approximately 80e100 cm below the ground level of the summer part of the houses to maintain a cool temperature.

c. Landscape and planting

Landscape and planting are effective parameters of ecological 

design and are composed of a pool, a well, a pump and the green 

areas that are located in the courtyards of the houses.

- Pools provide visual aesthetic and psychological relaxation to people. The pools in Diyarbakır houses are not simple pools, but they have physical properties that align with ecosystem considerations. Pool cups called “Kadeh” are located at both ends from which birds can drink water easily. Another property is that the water channels around the pools supply cooling evaporation to the courtyard environment.

- Plantations are present in all the courtyards. Trees in the plantation are usually wide leaf fruit trees (fig, mulberry) and have positive effects on human psychology, and biological diversity, and they provide micro-climatic comfort by creating shady areas in the summer and protecting the houses from cold winds in the winter, they also reduce noise level and control air pollution (Özen, 1999).

d. Building envelope (material)

Walls, floor covering: basalt stones

Windows :

-- shutters have exterior movable shades

-- clerestory windows : fixed sash

-- stained-glass windows have holes for venting

Roof : flat earthen roof  (important application in the building design of hot and dry climate regions)

Other materials : adobe, cas binder, wood and iron  

e. Technical infrastructure

Diyarbakır city has had an excellent sewage system by applying optimum solutions  which were produced for natural resources and wastes.

V. Conclusion

    The relationship and harmony between the traditional houses can be taken as a good model against the architectural understanding and urban planning that ignores ecological designs. It is hoped that this analysis will give architects a general understanding of the ecological value of the traditional heritage and will contribute to the search for a more sustainable method of development.

勝間田翔伍 2012 6.14

金沢市の木造密集市街地における延焼シュミレーションの適用 2010年　9月
 

金沢工業大学建築系　増田達男

金沢工業大学建築系　永野紳一郎

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/els/110008450522.pdf?id=ART0009691032&type=pdf&lang=jp&host=cinii&order_no=&ppv_type=0&lang_sw=&no=1339653844&cp