Gender implications of space use in home-based work:

Gender Implications of Space Use in Home-Based Work: Evidences from Slums in Bangladesh 

ホームベースの仕事の領域の使用のジェンダーへの影響：バングラデシュのスラム街からの証拠
Habitat International 26 (2002) 33–50

Shayer Ghafur
Reviewed by Pindo Tutuko at Study Seminar, 2012, July 12, Urban Planning Laboratory,Kanazawa University

Abstract


This paper examines the use of space in home-based work in slums in Bangladesh to understand urban poor women’s involvement in relation to men.本論文では、バングラデシュのスラム街でホームベースの仕事の領域の使用を検討し
This male–female involvement takes place not only to mutually share the activities of home-based work for operational conveniences but also to supplement a given household’s effort to pool income for its survival on a daily basis.この男女の関与は、相互運用便利なホームベースの仕事の活動を共有するだけでなく、場所を取る
Besides cooperation, this involvement also indicates a conflict, manifested by women’s absence in the public realm and intra-household.女性の不在によって明らかに競合を示し、

Consist


A brief background that is followed by a detailed description of the space use in home-based work to show that women do not always work alone as a result of their spatial confinement.ホームベースの仕事の領域の使用説明
It explains male–female involvement the specific outcome of women’s spatial confinement.男女の関与を説明します
In the conclusion, the implications of these findings are discussed to direct future urban local interventions for the welfare of women and their households.結論として、これらの知見の含意は未来の都市を指示するために議論される

Methodology

Evidences presented in this paper are taken from an earlier study on home-based work carried out in two types of intervened and non-intervened slums, by ‘Slum Improvement Project (SIP)’, in three intermediate-sized cities in Bangladesh.本論文で提示した証拠は、バングラデシュの3つの中間サイズの都市で、"スラム改善事業（SIP）'で、介入と非介入スラムの2つのタイプで行われ在宅ワークに関する以前の研究から取られ

Steps

(1) Develop categories and types

(2) Saturate types and Categories

(3) Definitions

(4) Use the definitions

(5) Exploit types or categories fully

(6) Note, develop and follow up links between types or categories

(7) Make relevant connections to existing theory.

（1）カテゴリとタイプを開発

（2）のタイプとカテゴリを飽和させる

（3）の定義

（4）の定義を使用します。

（5）完全にタイプまたはカテゴリを活用

（6）、注意して開発し、タイプまたはカテゴリ間のリンクをフォローアップ

（7）既存の理論に関連する接続を行います。

Background

Urban poor women have identified home-based work and access to credit for their achievement of sustainable livelihood.

Beneficiary urban poor women’s access to the benefits of SIP occurs in a patriarchal–patrilineal–patrilocal’ social context in Bangladesh. (the male head of a family, tribe-a system in which one belongs to one's father's lineage -a married couple lives with or near the family of the husband)

Space use in home-based work

• 46% households sell and/or supply their products to households within their own neighbourhoods. Only 18% of all households buy raw materials from their own neighbourhoods.
• 30.8% households sell and/or supply their products to city establishments (e.g., shops, agencies, and factories). Raw materials are purchased and supplied from these city establishments in70.1% of all households.

To examine the use of space

•

1. What are the discrete spaces in these settings?
2. What are the rules for engagement in these settings?
3. Who are the key actors?

• これらの設定の離散スペース？

•  これらの設定への関与のルール？
•  キー俳優？

Dwelling

1. Dwelling proper: an individual part of the living space, usually a corner of indoor floor-space.
2. Separate room: a separate working/commercial space converted by partitions from the main living space (however, this exclusive working/commercial space can also provide accommodation for a few persons).
3. Semi-open veranda: the semi-open veranda at the front of a given dwelling used permanently/temporarily to carry out activities that cannot be done inside, or to take advantage of the commercial opportunities arising out of the surroundings.

住居適切な、別室、セミオープンベランダ

Courtyard/Uthan 中庭 

1. Basic type: the private domain of uthan, with its definite configuration, is exclusive to a household’s members for domestic and home-based work activities.
2. Composite type: the uthan suggests a setting for more complex organization of domestic and home-based work activities. Here the division of labour (between household and nonhousehold members) in home-based work is spatially defined. If hired labour is engaged for home-based work, then domestic activity space is shifted away from the main private uthan so that it does not coincide with that for domestic works.
3. Overlapped type: The uthan not only belongs to a number of households, but also may contain infrastructure components (e.g., tube well, lamp post, circulation paths, drains, etc.) for consumption by surrounding households. The absence of non-neighbourhood people and the activity concentration by the neighbourhood (mainly female) people make it a semi-private space.

基本型、複合型、重複型

Rules for engagement 婚約のルール

In the private realm, male access to non-relatives’ residence is not welcome, but a woman’s is; a woman can move around without strict adherence to purdah (masker) as long as she is in her neighbourhood. 

Her mobility, and access to the outside her home is not seen as socially offensive by others because she knows and is well-known to everybody in that particular (part of the) neighbourhood. 

The nature of women’s mobility prescribed by social norms has affected the types of home-based work.

プライベートレルムでは、非親族の居住の男性のアクセスが歓迎されていません。

彼女のモビリティ、および外部の自宅へのアクセスは、他の人が社会的に攻撃として認識されません。

社会規範で規定され、女性の移動性の性質は、ホームベースの仕事の種類に影響を与えた。

Key actors in home-based works ホームベースの作品で重要な役者

Micro-level variations in the delineation of Boundaries境界の線引きでミクロレベルの変動

Women’s spatial confinement in their dwellings is a common phenomenon in all three settlement types

彼らの住居の女性の空間的な閉じ込めは、すべての3つの決済タイプで一般的な現象である

Gender implications of male–female involvement 男女の関与の性別の影響

Conclusion 結論

• Spatial setting for productive activities for home-based income generation, i.e. ‘work space’ overlaps with ‘life space’, i.e. spatial setting required for daily reproductive works (e.g., sleeping, cooking, child caring and socialization) for the continuation of life on a daily basis. 
• Urban poor women’s spatial confinement and the consequent (direct/indirect) involvement of men, in home-based work, are both indications of intra-household cooperation and conflict. 
• Future inter-sectoral interventions should respond critically to this occurrence of cooperation and conflict to contribute to raising women’s status within a given household. 
• In particular, intervention should guard against using women by the male members of a given household as a conduit to have access to resources without any benefits to women.
• ホームベースの収入を生成するための生産活動のための空間設定。
• 都市貧困層の女性の空間的な閉じ込めと男性の結果（直接/間接）の関与は、ホームベースの仕事では、イントラ家庭の協力と対立の両方の適応症があります。
• 将来のセクター間の介入は、指定された家庭内で女性の地位向上に貢献する協力と対立のこのオカレンスに批判的に応答する必要があります。
• 特に、介入が女性に何のメリットなしでリソースにアクセスできるように導管として与えられた世帯の男性メンバーが女性を使用して防ぐ必要があります。

Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197397501000327

Evaluation of ecological design strategies in traditional houses in Diyarbakir, Turkey

Title: Evaluation of ecological design strategies in traditional houses in Diyarbakir, Turkey

M. Baran*, M.Yıldırım, A.Yılmaz Dicle University, Eng. & Arch. Faculty, Dept. of Arch., 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey

Available online 11 November 2010

I. Introduction

The traditional houses in Diyarbakır are among the best examples of ecological architecture: as a living organism that reduces energy consumption, uses natural resources, and provides comfortable, healthier and sustainable living spaces that are harmonized with the climate.

This study focus on the ecological design between the traditional houses in Diyarbakır  and their physical environment (topography, and climate) and structural environment (building form, spatial organization, material, landscape and planting, and technical infrastructure).

II. Ecological design criteria

Ecological design is sustainable systems, consistent with ecological principles, which integrate human society with its natural environment for the benefit of both. 

a. Physical environment criteria

- Environmental features: topography and climate (thermal condition suitability and natural conditions)

- Thermal impacts and variables affect human comfort and will influence energy demand.

     • The changes in air movement, solar radiation and humidity determine the thermal comfort of the users.

     • With the concern about greenhouse gases and global warming there is a pressure to use of non-renewable energy and the impact of fossil fuels.

b. Structural environment criteria

- In ecological design, building systems interact with the environment through their physical form, functional solutions, and spatial organization. 

- Building orientation, envelope properties, building material, landscape, and technical infrastructure all have an effect on saving energy.

III. Traditional settlement in Diyarbakır

1. Location

Diyarbakır (37 550N, 40 120E) is located on a wide plateau 

between Karacadag Mountain and the Tigris River in the Mesopotamia

part of Turkey (Fig. 1a). 

The city 

is surrounded by a wall 5 km in length and from 6 to 8 m height (Fig. 1b). 

The settlement was completely within the wall until 1950. New 

settlements later formed outside the wall, and the old texture started 

to deteriorate.

2. Climatic data

Diyarbakir city, due to its geographical location, has a continental climate regime called the sub-tropic plateau climate. 

IV. Ecological design strategies in Diyarbakır traditional houses

1. . Physical environment strategies

a. Topography

Diyarbakır is situated in an area that is very compatible with ecological textures, including water, soil, air and green spaces.

b. Climate

Generally, the 

houses were constructed around a courtyard and aligned inward. 

Indigenous courtyard houses, particularly those in towns and cities 

in the regions of the hot-dry climates, have largely satisfied the 

needs of their inhabitants from many points of view. 

Therefore, the houses are exposed to less solar radiation, and heat conducted from outdoors is minimized.

Climatic features of the region led to the differentiation of houses into several parts in the planning stage. 

- The summer season is very long and effective in the region, so when designing houses, the summer parts are considered in detail. The summer parts of the houses are located on south side of the courtyard, and the rooms face toward the north for protection from thermal solar radiation. The open windows provide natural ventilation as well as natural illumination. Further, the houses have a big floor area, high ceilings, and low mean thermal propagation by convection. Thus, overheating due to the greenhouse　effect can be avoided by opening the window　sash during the hottest

period of the day.

- The winter parts of the houses are generally built as one story and are located toward the south to protect from the cold winds from the north.

The houses are surrounded by high walls which create shade for the narrow streets and the courtyard.

2. .Structural environment strategies

a. Building form 

- The traditional Diyarbakır houses　have been affected by topography, culture,　economic level of dwellings as well as climatic conditions.

- The building forms were classified according to courtyard location as outer courtyard, inner courtyard and mid courtyard in the house plan.

- These forms 

have two courtyards and accesses that are suitable for cultural life

and have functional uses as well.

b. Spatial organization

The houses were generally structured as two story buildings on 

top of a basement and were composed of three divisions:

- Rooms

- Service spaces (kitchen, toilet, barn, bath, dovecote, pantry),

- Special spaces (cooling room, recess).

The dimensions of rooms could be bigger or smaller for summer part rooms and winter part

rooms, respectively.All materials inside the rooms are useable materials and made of natural sources such as wool, cotton, and flax.

- Service spaces are located at the ground level for easy access, facility, storage and healthier indoor environment purposes.

- Kitchens are near winter rooms to contribute to its thermal performance and are fitted with equipment made of reusable materials like copper,wooden and earth.

- Toilets are found in the courtyard close to the street to avoid unwanted odors in the indoor environments and because the sewage system is then easily connected to the main disposal system.

- Barns and 

dovecotes are economical indicators because they supply the 

fertilizer required for the courtyard gardens.

- Pantries, called “killer”, are cooling spaces used for keeping food fresh daily and for keeping winter food fresh for longer times.

- The cooling rooms, also called “serdap”, are located approximately 80e100 cm below the ground level of the summer part of the houses to maintain a cool temperature.

c. Landscape and planting

Landscape and planting are effective parameters of ecological 

design and are composed of a pool, a well, a pump and the green 

areas that are located in the courtyards of the houses.

- Pools provide visual aesthetic and psychological relaxation to people. The pools in Diyarbakır houses are not simple pools, but they have physical properties that align with ecosystem considerations. Pool cups called “Kadeh” are located at both ends from which birds can drink water easily. Another property is that the water channels around the pools supply cooling evaporation to the courtyard environment.

- Plantations are present in all the courtyards. Trees in the plantation are usually wide leaf fruit trees (fig, mulberry) and have positive effects on human psychology, and biological diversity, and they provide micro-climatic comfort by creating shady areas in the summer and protecting the houses from cold winds in the winter, they also reduce noise level and control air pollution (Özen, 1999).

d. Building envelope (material)

Walls, floor covering: basalt stones

Windows :

-- shutters have exterior movable shades

-- clerestory windows : fixed sash

-- stained-glass windows have holes for venting

Roof : flat earthen roof  (important application in the building design of hot and dry climate regions)

Other materials : adobe, cas binder, wood and iron  

e. Technical infrastructure

Diyarbakır city has had an excellent sewage system by applying optimum solutions  which were produced for natural resources and wastes.

V. Conclusion

    The relationship and harmony between the traditional houses can be taken as a good model against the architectural understanding and urban planning that ignores ecological designs. It is hoped that this analysis will give architects a general understanding of the ecological value of the traditional heritage and will contribute to the search for a more sustainable method of development.

勝間田翔伍 2012 6.14

金沢市の木造密集市街地における延焼シュミレーションの適用 2010年　9月
 

金沢工業大学建築系　増田達男

金沢工業大学建築系　永野紳一郎

http://ci.nii.ac.jp/els/110008450522.pdf?id=ART0009691032&type=pdf&lang=jp&host=cinii&order_no=&ppv_type=0&lang_sw=&no=1339653844&cp

Transformation of traditional dwellings and income generation by low-income expatriates: The case of Hofuf, Saudi Arabia (2007)

Transformation of traditional dwellings and income generation by low-income expatriates: The case of Hofuf, Saudi Arabia (2007)

伝統的な住居と低所得の駐在員による所得創出の変容：ホフーフ、サウジアラビア（2007）
Author: Mashary Al-Naim and Shihabuddin Mahmud

Resumed by Pindo Tutuko

at Study Seminar, 2012, May 31

Abstract

•This study aimed to examine the degree and the stages of transformation of the traditional dwellings of Hofuf that are changed into market places.

この研究は、学位や市場の場所に変更されホフーフの伝統的住居の変容の段階を調べることを目的とした。

•They exhibit three different physical shapes namely discrete, linear and focal.

彼らは、すなわち、離散的な線形および焦点3つの異なる物理形状を示す。

•It also claims that despite limitations the domestic spaces of these buildings are transforming mainly for economic reasons and for income generation as a survival strategy of the occupants.

また、制限にもかかわらず、これらの建物の国内のスペースは、主に経済的な理由と乗員の生存戦略としての収入を生成するための変換されていると主張している。

•An attempt to evaluate these economic activities in the domestic spaces is evaluated within the context of the potential to accommodate new functions.

国内のスペースでこれらの経済活動を評価する試みは、新しい機能を収容するために潜在的なのコンテキスト内で評価されています。

Introduction

•Hofuf, as a Muslim city with unique characteristics, has a substantial number of traditional buildings in the old center that are now transforming into modern commercial places.

ホフーフは、ユニークな特性を持つイスラム教徒の都市として、現在近代的な商業の場所に変身されている旧市街の伝統的な建物の相当数を持っています。

•The traditional Souk or Bazaar is also transforming into a modern commercial setting.

伝統的なスークやバザールにも近代的な商業の設定に変換されてい

The reason of traditional building transformation
伝統的な建物の形質転換の理由

•The social structure of the family (which is changing from extended to nuclear).

家族の社会構造（核に拡張から変更されています）。

•The diminishing of the guild system.

ギルドシステムの減少。

•The diversity of employment and the mobility of the people.

雇用と人々のモビリティの多様性。

•The maintenance of traditional Dwellings.

伝統的な住居のメンテナンス。

•The emergence of developers and their attractive housing compounds with all modern facilities.

すべての近代的な設備を備えた開発者とその魅力的な住宅化合物の出現。

•The potential of the traditional dwellings to be converted into rental units for expatriate workers.

伝統的な住居の電位は、外国人労働者のためのレンタル単位に変換することができます。

Major transformations in Hofuf
ホフーフの主要な変換

•In the domestic spaces.

国内のスペースである。

•Along the streets on the ground floors.

地上階の通り沿い。

•Demolition of the old fabric and reconstruction of the shopping malls.

古い布やショッピングモールの再建の解体。

History of Market place
マーケットプレイスの歴史

•In the past in Muslim cities, the market places were exclusively male dominated; this has been changed in the recent past and they are now more popular among the women and children.

•Today, they provide not only shopping but also recreation and entertainment facilities for every age group.

•The concept of the market places of the Islamic cities has also gradually transformed.

イスラム教徒の都市では過去に、市場の場所は排他的に支配男性であった、これは最近の過去の変更は、彼らは女性と子どもの間で今より人気がありました。今日、彼らはすべての年齢グループのショッピングだけでなく、レクリエーション、娯楽施設だけでなく、提供しています。イスラム都市の市場の場所の概念も徐々に変えてきました。

The Facts
事実

•The traditional dwellings which were once the residence of elite people have been transformed into rental units for low-income expatriates.

•As the current dwellers are all temporary tenants they hardly have place attachment and they suffer from the lack of identity.

•The social and cultural values are diminishing and the transformation of the traditional buildings into commercial-enterprises—with modern outlook and material—reflect a hybrid style with no Muslim characteristics.

•Consequently, the sense of belonging and attachment to the community and place now has no moral qualities and this has, as noted, weakened the identity that they used to be proud of.

•Many cities of the Kingdom (in Arabian) now suffered from the lack of place identity.

•This partial transformation shows the dualism in the physical character between the traditional and modern styles in the commercial streets.

•かつてエリートの人々の住居であった​​伝統的な住居は、低所得駐在員のためにレンタルの単位に変換されている。現在の住人は、すべての一時的なテナントであるので、彼らはほとんどの場所に添付ファイルがありません、彼らはアイデンティティーの欠如に苦しんでいます。社会的·文化的価値はに減少し、伝統的な建物の形質転換されている商業企業は、を備えたモダンな見通しとしないムスリムの特性を持つ物質を反映ハイブリッドスタイル。その結果、地域社会と場所に属するアタッチメントの感覚が今道徳の資質はありません、これは持って述べたように、彼らが誇りにするために使用したアイデンティティを弱めた。王国（アラビアの）の多くの都市は現在、場所のアイデンティティの欠如に苦しんでいた。この部分的な変換は、商店街の伝統とモダンなスタイルの間の物理的な文字の二元論を示しています。

•The two sides of the main street were transformed into shops which also reached deeply inside the residential fabric of the traditional quarters.

メインストリートの両側はまた、伝統的な四分の一の住宅の布の内側に深く達してお店に形質転換した。

•The ground floor properties were transformed totally into shops.

地上階のプロパティは、完全に店に転換した。

Manner of transformation
変換の方法

Existing constraints.既存の制約。

•The remains of the houses which were demolished to construct the new street were transformed into apartment shops.

Social aspects.社会的側面。

•Changed the morphological characteristics of the old house and decreased the privacy level at the same time.

Technology.技術。

•In a majority of cases, demolition was the only solution followed by reconstruction for commercial uses.

Economy.　経済。

•The working space or commercial space and the living spaces are overlapping with their most necessary daily activities.

Types of transformation for commercial enterprises

民間企業のための変換の種類

•Slight adjustment.

若干の調整。

•Addition and Division.

追加と課。

•Total conversion.

総変換。

•Reconstruction.

再建。

The method for research
研究の方法

•To explore the changes or transformations of the traditional dwellings for income generation as well as for commercial enterprises by the occupants during usage in Hofuf.

•To compare the extent of transformation by the occupants who are actually foreign expatriates with different cultural and social values.

•It conducted in three neighborhoods namely Anna’athil, Al-kut and Ar-Rif’a Al-Janubiyya were identified to find the traditional houses that had gone through some sort of transformation.

ホフーフで使用時の乗員によって変更または変換所得創出のための伝統的な住居のほか、民間企業のためにを探索する。
異なる文化や社会の価値観と実際に外国人駐在員である居住者によって変換の程度を比較することができます。
これは、3つの地域、すなわちAnna'athil、アル·KUTおよびAr-Rif'aアルJanubiyyaは変換のいくつかの並べ替えを経た伝統的な家屋を見つけることが同定されたで実施しました。

Discussion and conclusion
議論と結論

•The traditional dwellings of Hofuf have potential to accommodate new functions and a varieties of commercial enterprises either by partial improvement or reconstruction.

ホフーフの伝統的住居のいずれかの部分的な改善や再構築することにより、新しい機能や民間企業の品種に対応するために可能性を秘めている

•The house has been very little transformed while the owners were living rather than expatriate in transformation. Because they use the spaces for income generation.

所有者ではなく変換の外国人よりも住んでいた間、家はほとんど変換されています。彼らは、所得創出のためのスペースを使用しているため。

•This city needs some measures, guidelines and regulations by which we may restore the valuable architectural features and also provide user requirements so that they are comfortable and productive.

この街は、我々が貴重な建築の特徴を復元し、また、彼らは快適さと生産性になるように、ユーザの要件を提供することがこれによっていくつかの措置、ガイドラインや規制を必要とします。

•It should not also forget the past, traditional values and culture that is the root of identity.

それはまた、アイデンティティのルートである、過去、伝統的な価値観や文化を忘れてはいけません。

Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275107000765