Transformation of traditional dwellings and income generation by low-income expatriates: The case of Hofuf, Saudi Arabia (2007)

Transformation of traditional dwellings and income generation by low-income expatriates: The case of Hofuf, Saudi Arabia (2007)

伝統的な住居と低所得の駐在員による所得創出の変容：ホフーフ、サウジアラビア（2007）
Author: Mashary Al-Naim and Shihabuddin Mahmud

Resumed by Pindo Tutuko

at Study Seminar, 2012, May 31

Abstract

•This study aimed to examine the degree and the stages of transformation of the traditional dwellings of Hofuf that are changed into market places.

この研究は、学位や市場の場所に変更されホフーフの伝統的住居の変容の段階を調べることを目的とした。

•They exhibit three different physical shapes namely discrete, linear and focal.

彼らは、すなわち、離散的な線形および焦点3つの異なる物理形状を示す。

•It also claims that despite limitations the domestic spaces of these buildings are transforming mainly for economic reasons and for income generation as a survival strategy of the occupants.

また、制限にもかかわらず、これらの建物の国内のスペースは、主に経済的な理由と乗員の生存戦略としての収入を生成するための変換されていると主張している。

•An attempt to evaluate these economic activities in the domestic spaces is evaluated within the context of the potential to accommodate new functions.

国内のスペースでこれらの経済活動を評価する試みは、新しい機能を収容するために潜在的なのコンテキスト内で評価されています。

Introduction

•Hofuf, as a Muslim city with unique characteristics, has a substantial number of traditional buildings in the old center that are now transforming into modern commercial places.

ホフーフは、ユニークな特性を持つイスラム教徒の都市として、現在近代的な商業の場所に変身されている旧市街の伝統的な建物の相当数を持っています。

•The traditional Souk or Bazaar is also transforming into a modern commercial setting.

伝統的なスークやバザールにも近代的な商業の設定に変換されてい

The reason of traditional building transformation
伝統的な建物の形質転換の理由

•The social structure of the family (which is changing from extended to nuclear).

家族の社会構造（核に拡張から変更されています）。

•The diminishing of the guild system.

ギルドシステムの減少。

•The diversity of employment and the mobility of the people.

雇用と人々のモビリティの多様性。

•The maintenance of traditional Dwellings.

伝統的な住居のメンテナンス。

•The emergence of developers and their attractive housing compounds with all modern facilities.

すべての近代的な設備を備えた開発者とその魅力的な住宅化合物の出現。

•The potential of the traditional dwellings to be converted into rental units for expatriate workers.

伝統的な住居の電位は、外国人労働者のためのレンタル単位に変換することができます。

Major transformations in Hofuf
ホフーフの主要な変換

•In the domestic spaces.

国内のスペースである。

•Along the streets on the ground floors.

地上階の通り沿い。

•Demolition of the old fabric and reconstruction of the shopping malls.

古い布やショッピングモールの再建の解体。

History of Market place
マーケットプレイスの歴史

•In the past in Muslim cities, the market places were exclusively male dominated; this has been changed in the recent past and they are now more popular among the women and children.

•Today, they provide not only shopping but also recreation and entertainment facilities for every age group.

•The concept of the market places of the Islamic cities has also gradually transformed.

イスラム教徒の都市では過去に、市場の場所は排他的に支配男性であった、これは最近の過去の変更は、彼らは女性と子どもの間で今より人気がありました。今日、彼らはすべての年齢グループのショッピングだけでなく、レクリエーション、娯楽施設だけでなく、提供しています。イスラム都市の市場の場所の概念も徐々に変えてきました。

The Facts
事実

•The traditional dwellings which were once the residence of elite people have been transformed into rental units for low-income expatriates.

•As the current dwellers are all temporary tenants they hardly have place attachment and they suffer from the lack of identity.

•The social and cultural values are diminishing and the transformation of the traditional buildings into commercial-enterprises—with modern outlook and material—reflect a hybrid style with no Muslim characteristics.

•Consequently, the sense of belonging and attachment to the community and place now has no moral qualities and this has, as noted, weakened the identity that they used to be proud of.

•Many cities of the Kingdom (in Arabian) now suffered from the lack of place identity.

•This partial transformation shows the dualism in the physical character between the traditional and modern styles in the commercial streets.

•かつてエリートの人々の住居であった​​伝統的な住居は、低所得駐在員のためにレンタルの単位に変換されている。現在の住人は、すべての一時的なテナントであるので、彼らはほとんどの場所に添付ファイルがありません、彼らはアイデンティティーの欠如に苦しんでいます。社会的·文化的価値はに減少し、伝統的な建物の形質転換されている商業企業は、を備えたモダンな見通しとしないムスリムの特性を持つ物質を反映ハイブリッドスタイル。その結果、地域社会と場所に属するアタッチメントの感覚が今道徳の資質はありません、これは持って述べたように、彼らが誇りにするために使用したアイデンティティを弱めた。王国（アラビアの）の多くの都市は現在、場所のアイデンティティの欠如に苦しんでいた。この部分的な変換は、商店街の伝統とモダンなスタイルの間の物理的な文字の二元論を示しています。

•The two sides of the main street were transformed into shops which also reached deeply inside the residential fabric of the traditional quarters.

メインストリートの両側はまた、伝統的な四分の一の住宅の布の内側に深く達してお店に形質転換した。

•The ground floor properties were transformed totally into shops.

地上階のプロパティは、完全に店に転換した。

Manner of transformation
変換の方法

Existing constraints.既存の制約。

•The remains of the houses which were demolished to construct the new street were transformed into apartment shops.

Social aspects.社会的側面。

•Changed the morphological characteristics of the old house and decreased the privacy level at the same time.

Technology.技術。

•In a majority of cases, demolition was the only solution followed by reconstruction for commercial uses.

Economy.　経済。

•The working space or commercial space and the living spaces are overlapping with their most necessary daily activities.

Types of transformation for commercial enterprises

民間企業のための変換の種類

•Slight adjustment.

若干の調整。

•Addition and Division.

追加と課。

•Total conversion.

総変換。

•Reconstruction.

再建。

The method for research
研究の方法

•To explore the changes or transformations of the traditional dwellings for income generation as well as for commercial enterprises by the occupants during usage in Hofuf.

•To compare the extent of transformation by the occupants who are actually foreign expatriates with different cultural and social values.

•It conducted in three neighborhoods namely Anna’athil, Al-kut and Ar-Rif’a Al-Janubiyya were identified to find the traditional houses that had gone through some sort of transformation.

ホフーフで使用時の乗員によって変更または変換所得創出のための伝統的な住居のほか、民間企業のためにを探索する。
異なる文化や社会の価値観と実際に外国人駐在員である居住者によって変換の程度を比較することができます。
これは、3つの地域、すなわちAnna'athil、アル·KUTおよびAr-Rif'aアルJanubiyyaは変換のいくつかの並べ替えを経た伝統的な家屋を見つけることが同定されたで実施しました。

Discussion and conclusion
議論と結論

•The traditional dwellings of Hofuf have potential to accommodate new functions and a varieties of commercial enterprises either by partial improvement or reconstruction.

ホフーフの伝統的住居のいずれかの部分的な改善や再構築することにより、新しい機能や民間企業の品種に対応するために可能性を秘めている

•The house has been very little transformed while the owners were living rather than expatriate in transformation. Because they use the spaces for income generation.

所有者ではなく変換の外国人よりも住んでいた間、家はほとんど変換されています。彼らは、所得創出のためのスペースを使用しているため。

•This city needs some measures, guidelines and regulations by which we may restore the valuable architectural features and also provide user requirements so that they are comfortable and productive.

この街は、我々が貴重な建築の特徴を復元し、また、彼らは快適さと生産性になるように、ユーザの要件を提供することがこれによっていくつかの措置、ガイドラインや規制を必要とします。

•It should not also forget the past, traditional values and culture that is the root of identity.

それはまた、アイデンティティのルートである、過去、伝統的な価値観や文化を忘れてはいけません。

Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275107000765

密集市街地における防災性と地域性を考慮したまちづくりルールに関する研究
Architectural Institute Of Japan
北後明彦　田中悠介　樋本佳祐　近藤民生
http://ci.nii.ac.jp/els/110008901193.pdf?id=ART0009859845&type=pdf&lang=jp&host=cinii&order_no=&ppv_type=0&lang_sw=&no=1337231514&cp=
まとめ
本研究では、密集市街地のまちづくりルールの在り方について、「防災性」と「地域性」の両面から検討した。ケーススタディの結果を踏まえて防災性と地域性を考慮したまちづくりルールの在り方について述べる。
延焼リスク評価の結果からすると、「個別型」の方が早い段階で効果が現れるため、防災性の面から検討すると現実的には「沿道型」より有効な対策といえる。しかし、地域性の検討結果を踏まえた以下の２点を考慮すると、一概にどちらのほうがいいとは言えない。
もう一点道路拡幅やその沿いの建物の高層化をした場合、「庄内らしさ」を全く感じられない街並みになってしまいかねない。それを少しでも緩和し「庄内らしく好ましい」まちにするためには、まちづくりルールの中に前面空間の利用法を盛り込み、植栽によるまちづくりを進めることも有効ではないだろうか。

Self-initiated transformations of public-provided dwellings in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Author: Demissachew Shiferaw Cities, Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 437–448, 1998
This paper discussed at the Study Seminar in Urban Planning Lab, School of Natural Science & Technology on Friday, April 26, 2012 by Pindo Tutuko

Self-initiated transformations of public-provided Dwellings in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Abstract

Transformations of human settlements are very dramatic in cities of the developing countries where, despite the rapid urbanization process and demographic change, housing provisions fall short of demand. This results in continuous transformation of shelters in order to meet basic needs and changing situations. Unlike in the industrialized countries, this is largely accomplished through spontaneous private initiative. Thus, construction of new dwellings and also modification and maintenance of government-owned ones are private concerns. Especially the low-income groups have no alternative other than to use their own sporadic means. Encouragement and coordination of this enthusiasm by the formal sector is, however, scarce. As a component part of a Ph.D. thesis which involved field surveys from March up to July 1997 the following synopsis sketches user-initiated transformations on government-provided low cost houses in Addis Ababa. Information and figures are extracted from three of the studied residential areas and revealed the fact that self-initiated transformation represents a valuable resource for improving the housing conditions of the low income groups.

Background

Although direct government provision of low-cost housing has featured in the policies of most developing countries, it has been proved that this sector is unable to address the increasing housing needs of the poor.The vast majority of housing units are being constructed through self-help activities. Even if government-built low-cost houses are very few in number in Ethiopia, succeeding self-initiated modification and extension on given structures are taking place to the extent that the original structure becomes beyond recognition. The first unit becomes a core house.
Urbanization-Problem

• Distribution of the urban population is unbalanced. 
• Almost all infrastructural facilities and industrial activities are still concentrated in the capital city. 

Housing problems

• Increase of household sizes 
• The unbalanced housing investment. 
• Poor housing in supply systems aimed only at both quality and quantity. 
• Increasing housing stocks are, as labeled by the architect, planner and sociologist. 
• 60% of the city population had no permanent work. Housing finances are not improved.

Self-initiated transformation of houses
People endeavor to shelter themselves and the way they build and improve their houses are clues to the design of low-cost housing and application of appropriate technologies and financial strategies.

“kolfe”, “gerji”, and “keftegna 17 kebele 24”

The inhabitants have apparently larger households and much lower incomes. 90% of the household heads and all other male dependents are daily laborers having no permanent employment.

Evaluations and Implications of Transformations

• The average occupancy rate of the three areas increased from 5.8 m2 per person to 6.5 m2 per person. 
• The areas which were planned for residential purpose, now mix work and home life together.
• Spontaneous extensions in planned areas are resulting in higher densities and lower standards. 
• Unplanned extensions could overload existing infrastructures.

Aspect of Building

• Building materials, traditional material which none of the projects took into consideration, the householders used the traditional construction method, and that fill the gap between import-based ones and the local ones. 
• Morphologies, the habitable rooms are surrounded by subordinated functions and open spaces.

Factors influencing transformation:

• Security of tenure. 
• Housing design and construction of the original dwelling. 
• Financial sources. 
• Infrastructure and support services. 
• Extent to which hired or self-help labor is used.

Transformation motives

• Socio-culturally determined aspirations. 
• Growth of family size. 
• Desire of generating income (subletting, kiosk, 
• Stable, local bar, handicraft etc). 
• Response to harsh climatic conditions. 
• Desire to copy prevalent housing forms.

Extension qualities

• Transformations show inefficiencies related to quality and resource uses. 
• The technical and financial requirements for vertical extensions, in particular for the low income people, can not be met. 
• Materials used in spontaneous extension processes are not durable and sustainable and householders can not afford to buy durable ones.
• Lack of lighting, ventilation, blocking of roads and open spaces are very prevalent, especially, in residential areas with narrow and small plots. 
• Overcrowding, with little or no open space.

Concluding remarks

• Even under the agonies of limitations, could use their sporadic potentials and make vital improvements to their own houses at no direct cost to the government. 
• They improve their dwellings, provide shelter for their relatives, much better than the public systems could do. 
• Generate income through subletting extended rooms and using part of the house for informal productive and business activities.

Strategies for tackling housing problems should recognize the social and economic realities and serve this part of the population by;

• Mobilizing, coordinating and directing self-plan and self-build. 
• Guarantying security of ownership. 
• Use of resources such as land, affordable building materials and financial resources, 
• Accepting the value of an incremental approach. 
• Provision of technical assistance. 

Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275198000390

C

The urban design of a Balinese town: placemaking issues in the Balinese urban setting

Author: T. Nirarta Samadhi
Habitat International 25 (2001) pp.559–575
This paper discussed at the Study Seminar in Urban Planning Lab, School of Natural Science & Technology on Friday, January 20, 2012 by Pindo Tutuko

The Urban Design of A Balinese Town: Place Making Issues in the Balinese Urban Setting

This exploration aims at providing a ground for reconnecting urban design proposals with their cultural context, thus promoting the spatially expressed localism originating from the diversity of cultures which is currently undermined by the highly  standardized process of the Indonesian planning system. The research concludes that to achieve culturally appropriate places, the design process has to acknowledge the Balinese Hindu psycho-cosmic concept as the core principle in the design of Balinese townscape.

Relevant Balinese traditional-religious conceptions

The Balinese understand that reality shadows the play of sekala (tangible/real) and niskala (intangible/unreal) forces, which are either (or both) generative or (and) degenerative. The forces are kept in a harmonious balance in Balinese architecture and environment by assigning attributes to the Balinese space.

Dewata Nawa Sanga. The Balinese indigenous windrose: a center and eight cardinals, represent the nine
different forces. The Hindu triad is vertically positioned on the figure: Wisnu, Shiwa and Brahma.


The Concept

Center:  In most of the Southeast Asian tribes (custom) not just in religious and cosmological terms but also in political realm. The physical manifestation of the concept:

• The form of a ‘grand crossroad’
• The important Balinese settlement’s functions such as the palace ( puri), the temple ( pura), the priest’s house (griya), the
• Public meeting hall (wantilan), and the marketplace ( pasar).

The center's elements: 1.Puri (Palace), 2.Wantilan (Meeting House), 3. Pasar (Market Place), 4. Lapangan (Square/open place), 5. Residential, 6. Pampatan Agung (grand Cross Road)

Another important concept to understand is the psycho-cosmic concept

Another important concept to understand is the psycho-cosmic concept

1. Relationship between bhuwana agung (Macrocosm)and bhuwana alit (microcosm)
2. Five Basic elements: pertiwi (earth/solid substance), apah (water/fluid substance), teja (fire/light/heat), bayu (air), and akasa (space/ether).

It were identified from the questionnaires and sketched mental maps.

1. Attitude to Human being (environment relationship)---desa adat (custom village)
2. The concept of center----pampatan agung (Great cross road)
3. Attitude to spatial organization---Sanga Mandala (wind rose)
4. Attitude to environmental design
5. Attitude to symbols and meanings 

Conclusion

• In the practical realm, the Indonesian urban planning and design administrative and legal procedures suggest a centralized system in which the local government runs the national planning Model
• This tradition has influenced the way Indonesian urban planners and designers assess their projects

Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197397501000248

Global Land Consolidation for Metropolitan Jakarta Expansion, 1990-2010

Author：Ray W, Archer

Resumed by Pindo Tutuko for Study Seminar

Urban Planning Laboratory, Kanazawa University, Japan

Presented on Friday, November 25, 2011

Global Land Consolidation for Metropolitan Jakarta Expansion, 1990-2010

Urban land consolidation (LC) is an international technique for managing and financing the conversion of rural land to urban land.  This paper recommends the formulation of an LC programme to supply some of the urban land needed to accommodate this growth. The three parts present on 1.The land and building development taking place around Jakarta, Describes LC as an international technique and outlines the Indonesian experience, and Identifies the possible applications of LC.

The Metropolitan Jakarta Region encompasses Jakarta and its four neighbouring regencies of Bogor, Tangerang, Depok, and Bekasi.  The population of Jabodetabek is projected to grow from 17 million in 1990 to 30 million by 2010 with most of this growth, 10 million of the 13 million, taking place in the Bodetabek areas. DKI Jakarta is  a “special capital province” in which the provincial and municipal administrations are integrated. The land ownership, tenure and transfer system administreted by the Ministry of National Land Agency. The physical conversion of rural land to urban use for the expansion of Metropolitan Jakarta mainly takes place by private sector land. This private development activity can be divided into formal and informal private development. The formal private development is the land subdivision and building development that is carried out on land that is held on a registered title, with the permits required and to the standards specified by the planning and building regulations.

Informal Private development is the land subdivision/partition and building construction carried out on land that is not held on a registered title. The informal development is that the housing, and most other buildings, are constructed by the owners’ self-build.

The four main ways of development

1. By bringing additional unregistered rural land into the formal development system.
2. By constructing the desirable network infrastructure in each project so as to convert the rural land for sustainable urban development.
3. By creating a supply of serviced building plots on registered title for self-build housing development.
4. By bringing some of the land currently blocked from development by the excessive location permit designations, into early development.

Definition of LC are: LC is a land development technique used in many countries for managing and financing the urbanization of selected urban fringe areas (peri) and also LC is a technique for converting rural land into urban land. LC is widely used in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, and is used in some cities in Australia and Canada as well as many cities and towns in Europe, Indonesia, Nepal, Thailand, Malaysia.

The LC programme would be designed to improve the process and pattern of urban expansion in Jabodetabek by:

1. Bringing unused development land under the excessive location permit designations into early development.
2. Enabling the farmer Iandowners to participate in the urban development of their land and to obtain longer term benefits.
3. Increasing the production of planned layouts of subdivision land and building land equipped with roads, drains. and utility service lines.
4. Increasing the supplv of serviced subdivision land and building land on registered title that is suitable for self-build housing development in the formal sector.
5. Filling the gaps between the real estate company projects(the National housing projects, the kampong settlements and the other areas of informal urban development.
6. lmproving the structure of urban development by specific purpose LC projects to establish networks of secondary roads, urban sub-centres, etc. 
   
   
   Original Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0197397594900167