Gender Implications of Space Use in Home-Based Work: Evidences from Slums in Bangladesh
ホームベースの仕事の領域の使用のジェンダーへの影響：バングラデシュのスラム街からの証拠 Habitat International 26 (2002) 33–50
Shayer Ghafur
Reviewed by Pindo Tutuko at Study Seminar, 2012, July 12, Urban Planning Laboratory,Kanazawa University
Abstract
This paper examines the use of space in home-based work in slums in Bangladesh to understand urban poor women’s involvement in relation to men.本論文では、バングラデシュのスラム街でホームベースの仕事の領域の使用を検討し
This male–female involvement takes place not only to mutually share the activities of home-based work for operational conveniences but also to supplement a given household’s effort to pool income for its survival on a daily basis.この男女の関与は、相互運用便利なホームベースの仕事の活動を共有するだけでなく、場所を取る
Besides cooperation, this involvement also indicates a conflict, manifested by women’s absence in the public realm and intra-household.女性の不在によって明らかに競合を示し、
Consist
A brief background that is followed by a detailed description of the space use in home-based work to show that women do not always work alone as a result of their spatial confinement.ホームベースの仕事の領域の使用説明
It explains male–female involvement the specific outcome of women’s spatial confinement.男女の関与を説明します
In the conclusion, the implications of these findings are discussed to direct future urban local interventions for the welfare of women and their households.結論として、これらの知見の含意は未来の都市を指示するために議論される
Methodology
Evidences presented in this paper are taken from an earlier study on home-based work carried out in two types of intervened and non-intervened slums, by ‘Slum Improvement Project (SIP)’, in three intermediate-sized cities in Bangladesh.本論文で提示した証拠は、バングラデシュの3つの中間サイズの都市で、"スラム改善事業（SIP）'で、介入と非介入スラムの2つのタイプで行われ在宅ワークに関する以前の研究から取られ
Steps
(1) Develop categories and types
(2) Saturate types and Categories
(3) Definitions
(4) Use the definitions
(5) Exploit types or categories fully
(6) Note, develop and follow up links between types or categories
(7) Make relevant connections to existing theory.
（1）カテゴリとタイプを開発
（2）のタイプとカテゴリを飽和させる
（3）の定義
（4）の定義を使用します。
（5）完全にタイプまたはカテゴリを活用
（6）、注意して開発し、タイプまたはカテゴリ間のリンクをフォローアップ
（7）既存の理論に関連する接続を行います。
Background
Beneficiary urban poor women’s access to the benefits of SIP occurs in a patriarchal–patrilineal–patrilocal’ social context in Bangladesh. (the male head of a family, tribe-a system in which one belongs to one's father's lineage -a married couple lives with or near the family of the husband)
Space use in home-based work
- 46% households sell and/or supply their products to households within their own neighbourhoods. Only 18% of all households buy raw materials from their own neighbourhoods.
- 30.8% households sell and/or supply their products to city establishments (e.g., shops, agencies, and factories). Raw materials are purchased and supplied from these city establishments in70.1% of all households.
To examine the use of space
•
- What are the discrete spaces in these settings?
- What are the rules for engagement in these settings?
- Who are the key actors?
- これらの設定の離散スペース？
- これらの設定への関与のルール？
- キー俳優？
Dwelling
- Dwelling proper: an individual part of the living space, usually a corner of indoor floor-space.
- Separate room: a separate working/commercial space converted by partitions from the main living space (however, this exclusive working/commercial space can also provide accommodation for a few persons).
- Semi-open veranda: the semi-open veranda at the front of a given dwelling used permanently/temporarily to carry out activities that cannot be done inside, or to take advantage of the commercial opportunities arising out of the surroundings.
住居適切な、別室、セミオープンベランダ
Courtyard/Uthan 中庭
- Basic type: the private domain of uthan, with its definite configuration, is exclusive to a household’s members for domestic and home-based work activities.
- Composite type: the uthan suggests a setting for more complex organization of domestic and home-based work activities. Here the division of labour (between household and nonhousehold members) in home-based work is spatially defined. If hired labour is engaged for home-based work, then domestic activity space is shifted away from the main private uthan so that it does not coincide with that for domestic works.
- Overlapped type: The uthan not only belongs to a number of households, but also may contain infrastructure components (e.g., tube well, lamp post, circulation paths, drains, etc.) for consumption by surrounding households. The absence of non-neighbourhood people and the activity concentration by the neighbourhood (mainly female) people make it a semi-private space.
基本型、複合型、重複型
Rules for engagement 婚約のルール
In the private realm, male access to non-relatives’ residence is not welcome, but a woman’s is; a woman can move around without strict adherence to purdah (masker) as long as she is in her neighbourhood.
Her mobility, and access to the outside her home is not seen as socially offensive by others because she knows and is well-known to everybody in that particular (part of the) neighbourhood.
The nature of women’s mobility prescribed by social norms has affected the types of home-based work.
プライベートレルムでは、非親族の居住の男性のアクセスが歓迎されていません。
彼女のモビリティ、および外部の自宅へのアクセスは、他の人が社会的に攻撃として認識されません。
社会規範で規定され、女性の移動性の性質は、ホームベースの仕事の種類に影響を与えた。
Key actors in home-based works ホームベースの作品で重要な役者
Micro-level variations in the delineation of Boundaries境界の線引きでミクロレベルの変動
Women’s spatial confinement in their dwellings is a common phenomenon in all three settlement types
彼らの住居の女性の空間的な閉じ込めは、すべての3つの決済タイプで一般的な現象である
Gender implications of male–female involvement 男女の関与の性別の影響
Conclusion 結論
- Spatial setting for productive activities for home-based income generation, i.e. ‘work space’ overlaps with ‘life space’, i.e. spatial setting required for daily reproductive works (e.g., sleeping, cooking, child caring and socialization) for the continuation of life on a daily basis.
- Urban poor women’s spatial confinement and the consequent (direct/indirect) involvement of men, in home-based work, are both indications of intra-household cooperation and conflict.
- Future inter-sectoral interventions should respond critically to this occurrence of cooperation and conflict to contribute to raising women’s status within a given household.
- In particular, intervention should guard against using women by the male members of a given household as a conduit to have access to resources without any benefits to women.
- ホームベースの収入を生成するための生産活動のための空間設定。
- 都市貧困層の女性の空間的な閉じ込めと男性の結果（直接/間接）の関与は、ホームベースの仕事では、イントラ家庭の協力と対立の両方の適応症があります。
- 将来のセクター間の介入は、指定された家庭内で女性の地位向上に貢献する協力と対立のこのオカレンスに批判的に応答する必要があります。
- 特に、介入が女性に何のメリットなしでリソースにアクセスできるように導管として与えられた世帯の男性メンバーが女性を使用して防ぐ必要があります。
