Spatial Arrangement in Chinese and Javanese Shop House in Yogyakarta City
ASEAN Conference on Environment-Behaviour Studies, Savoy Homann BidakaraBandung Hotel, Bandung, Indonesia, 15-17 June 2011
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 36 ( 2012 ) 557 – 564
Author: Lya Dewi Anggraini
Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503 Japan
Resumed by Pindo Tutuko
Introduction
•The increased number of family shop house significantly after the political and economic crisis in 1998. This paper aims at revealing the knowledge of how people appropriate spaces in shop houses in order to provide deeper knowledge. By comparing the spatial arrangement in shop houses built by Chinese and Javanese, the distinct characteristics would be revealed through the differences and similarities in the way they appropriate spaces.
Focusing on the behavioral aspect in composing and using interior spaces, this study believes that there is quite distinct characteristic between Chinese and Javanese for the purpose of living and working in one building.
Focusing on the behavioral aspect in composing and using interior spaces, this study believes that there is quite distinct characteristic between Chinese and Javanese for the purpose of living and working in one building.
Development of Shop House and Cultural Influence
Chinese introduced shop house building at the first place that were brought from their original land and has become worldwide type. Javanese has developed its own type of shop house roughly in the last three decades as a respond to the local condition.
(Chinese) The earliest model of shop house was a transformation of a farming house and the other model was the whole front area on the first floor was utilized as a shop and the dwelling space at the back and second/other floor area.
(Javanese) The common characteristics were a single detached house with a separated structure from the main house for the shop. It as most likely as a transformation from a traditional farming house.
(Chinese) The earliest model of shop house was a transformation of a farming house and the other model was the whole front area on the first floor was utilized as a shop and the dwelling space at the back and second/other floor area.
(Javanese) The common characteristics were a single detached house with a separated structure from the main house for the shop. It as most likely as a transformation from a traditional farming house.
This paper is comparing the way Chinese and Javanese appropriate their spaces through their activities.
Characteristics of Chinese and Javanese Shop House in Yogyakarta
Observation area was Ketandan in the center of Yogyakarta city near Beringharjo Market, the oldest and traditional market, where the Chinese built shop houses. Second observation area was Seturan in the new urban center northern part of the city where Javanese built shop houses.
Characteristics of Chinese Shop House
2 types: row houses with arcades and without arcades. In Ketandan are those without arcades but sharing roof structure and were constructed as couple or triple houses without any space between houses. They were generally the first generation originally coming from different Southern parts of China.
Characteristics of Javanese Shop House
Generally, they were built as detached houses, not in a row, couple was some spaces between houses especially that the new areas were less crowded resulted from the various built year.
Family living in the houses were mostly new family or immigrant from other areas. Some of the houses were built and rented to another family.
Methodology
Six houses were chosen in each location considering the accessible data, limited time and to emphasize on the qualitative instead of quantitative analysis. Purposive sampling method was used at certain criteria as follow; (1) built either by Chinese or Javanese, (2) built on their own wisdom without any professional involvement, and (3) regardless the age of building or building shape which is accessible for survey. Interviewing, photographing, sketching to obtain the house plan (fixed feature) and behavior tracing method to obtain activity/room function (semi-fixed feature).
Each house plan was transferred into diagram of circles representing each functional room and lines representing connectivity that are drawn from the outside point (threshold) to each room.
There are two kinds of line; continuous line indicates direct accessibility and dash line indicates close/indirect connectivity.
This diagram also showed the circulation flow through the functional room and its level of depth.
Results and Discussions
Result of analysis showed that the number of room with single connectivity is higher in Chinese (30%) than in Javanese (26%) The number of room with direct connectivity is far higher in Chinese (75%) than in Javanese (58%). The number of room with indirect connectivity is much higher in Javanese (42%) than in Chinese (25%). The connection of each room has the tendency to be linear for Chinese rather than Javanese that has the tendency to cluster.
Single and direct connectivity means that one room has one sole access to an adjacent room, whereas indirect connectivity is that one can access a room from any surrounding room within behavioral distance without much barrier/boundary problem.
Room with higher connectivity in Javanese shop house served as living/dining room which had social meaning, whereas corridor had no particular function other than circulation/transition space. Chinese shop house seemed to have more rooms with high connectivity and thus inward orientation, it was more likely to be transitional rather than functional room.
Javanese shop house had outward orientation but also higher functional room inside the houses. Chinese shop house as a composition of multiple unit rather than a compound or one single unit. This is emphasized by the corridor as transitional room with high connectivity.
Javanese shop house was more likely to be compound or single unit which was less repetitive room unit.
Conclusion
Javanese shop house was more open, having higher degree of connectivity, and
tending to be clustered whereas Chinese shop house tended to be linear and closed in its spatial arrangement.
Javanese shop house had outward orientation indicated by the higher number of rooms with access to the outside whereas Chinese shop house tended to be inwardly orientated.
--------
